Cytotoxic and Genotoxic effect on the Buccal Mucosa Cells of Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment.

AIM: To evaluate the presence of metal ions and deoxyribonucleic acid damage on the cells of buccal mucosa in subjects scheduled to undergo fixed orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients scheduled to undergo orthodontic treatment were included in the present study. Samples were collected from buccal mucosa of the subjects at five different intervals: before the starting of the fixed appliance therapy, 5 months after the insertion of the appliance, 10 months after insertion of the appliance, 15 months after insertion of the appliance and 20 months after insertion of the appliance. Flow cytometry was further used for assessment of apoptosis. Comet assay was used for evaluating the metal ions associated deoxyribonucleic acid ((DNA) damage of buccal epithelial cells. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used for measuring the nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and zinc (Zn) levels in the cells of the buccal mucosa. Analysis of data was done by SPSS software version 16.0. RESULTS: A significant increase in the Ni, Cr and Zn concentra -tion during orthodontic treatment was observed. A progressive non-significant decrease in the percentage of viable cells from a baseline value to the end of the treatment was observed. A significant increase in the head diameter, DNA in tail and tail length, starting from the pretreatment value to the end of orthodontic treatment, was also observed. CONCLUSION: Timely checking of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and nuclear changes should be done for detecting earlier adverse changes. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: In patients wearing orthodontic appliances, no clinical impact occurs by wearing fixed appliances.

Evaluation of Effect of Glucosamine-Chondroitin Sulfate, Tramadol, and Sodium Hyaluronic Acid on Expression of Cytokine Levels in Internal Derangement of Temporomandibular Joint.

AIM: Evaluation of the effect of glucosamine-chondroitin combination, tramadol, and sodium hyaluronic acid in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and its impact on the expression of various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study was conducted on 60 patients (males-30, females-30) suffering from internal derangement such as disc displacement with reduction of TMJ. The patients were divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I received a combination of 1.5g of glucosamine and 1.2 g of chondroitin sulfate per day and group II received 50 mg tramadol HCL peroral. Group III received sodium hyaluronate 10 mg/mL, 2 mL injection syringe on each joint. Pain (VAS) scale and maximum mouth opening (MMO) was measured. The level of IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels were measured using Enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: There was an improvement in maximum mouth opening in all three groups (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in pain in all groups. IL- 1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 leve ls showed reduction while IL-6 showed an increase in value in group II and III. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of glucosamine chondroitin sulfate , tramadol and hyaluronic acid in TMJ disorders has been found to be effective. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: IL-6, IL-1ß, TNF-α, and PGE2 levels indicate the risk of TMJ disorders. Thus earlier assessment of their levels helps in diagnosis, and better management may be done.